the upper portion of the glacier where individual grains of ice do not move relative to one another is the.
The upper portion of a glacier where individual grains of ice does not move relative to one another is called the firn line.
Firn is the intermediate stage between snow and glacial ice, and forms when snow is compacted under its own weight and recrystallizes. This line is found at the top of the glacier, where temperatures and pressures are too low for recrystallization.
The firn line marks the boundary between the accumulation zone, where more snow accumulates than melts or sublimates, and the ablation zone, where more snow melts or sublimates than accumulates. It is an important reference point for measuring glacier mass balance, as any movement of the firn line indicates a change in the amount of snow accumulation or snow melts.
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A __________ is formed when the coastline changes direction and the water movement slows, causing sediment and sand to continue to be deposited in an extension of the land that is bending.
A bay is formed when the coastline changes direction and the water movement slows, causing sediment and sand to continue to be deposited in an extension of the land that is bending.
A bay is usually open to the ocean but is also connected to a larger body of water, such as a sea or lake. Bays are usually sheltered from the open ocean's full force, making them good natural harbors for shipping, fishing, and other water-related activities. A bay is a natural formation that is surrounded by land on three sides, making it an extension of the coastline. It is commonly created when sea levels rise and erode the coastline, or when land is thrust upward or subsides. Bays can vary in size and shape, from small coves to large bodies of water, such as the Chesapeake Bay or the Bay of Bengal.
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It is well known that as the CO2 levels decline, the atmospheric temperature __________.
It is not necessarily true that the atmospheric temperature will decline as the CO2 levels decline. The relationship between CO2 levels and atmospheric temperature is complex and can be affected by various factors, including natural climate cycles and human activity. However, it is generally accepted that increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere contribute to global warming and that decreasing CO2 levels could potentially slow down or reverse this process.
It is well known that as the CO₂ levels decline, the atmospheric temperature decreases.
When carbon dioxide levels decrease, the amount of heat trapped in the atmosphere decreases as well, resulting in a drop in temperature. This is due to the fact that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to the retention of heat in the atmosphere. As a result, higher levels of carbon dioxide contribute to higher atmospheric temperatures.
However, it is worth noting that other factors also influence atmospheric temperature, including variations in solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, and the presence of other greenhouse gases such as methane and water vapor. Additionally, the relationship between CO₂ levels and temperature is complex and is influenced by a number of feedback mechanisms that can either amplify or mitigate the warming effect of carbon dioxide.
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earthquakes in subduction zones generally only occur at depths of: multiple choice up to 700 km. 700-1000 km. greater than 700 km.
Earthquakes in subduction zones generally only occur at depths greater than 700 km.
What are earthquakes?
An earthquake is defined as a sudden and violent shaking of the Earth's surface, usually resulting from the abrupt movement of tectonic plates or volcanic activity.
Tectonic plates are rigid layers of rock that make up the Earth's crust and are responsible for the planet's movement. When two tectonic plates collide, one can slide beneath the other, producing a phenomenon known as a subduction zone.
An earthquake is a natural phenomenon that occurs when the Earth's tectonic plates shift suddenly,
resulting in the release of energy that causes the ground to shake. Earthquakes can range in size from small tremors to large quakes with devastating consequences, such as building collapse, landslides, and tsunamis.
The strength of an earthquake is measured using the Richter scale, which ranges from 1 to 10.
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what process caused the largest tsunami run-up (the height water reached on land) recorded in the past 100 years?
The largest tsunami run-up (the height water reached on land) recorded in the past 100 years was caused by the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami in Alaska.
The tsunami was triggered by a massive rockfall and landslide from the nearby Lituya Mountain, which fell into the bay and generated a wave that reached a height of 1,720 feet (524 meters) above sea level. The wave traveled across the bay and destroyed the surrounding forests, stripping away all vegetation and leaving behind only bare rock. The Lituya Bay megatsunami remains the largest recorded tsunami run-up in history, and it serves as a reminder of the destructive power of natural disasters.
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based upon what occurred during the magnitude 9.0 earthquake on the cascadia subduction zone in 1700, how might an earthquake there affect the california coastline?
The magnitude 9.0 earthquake that occurred in the Cascadia Subduction Zone in 1700 could have a devastating impact on the California coastline. . It caused a massive tsunami to form, which traveled all the way to Japan and destroyed many coastal towns along the way. Additionally, the earthquake caused a powerful lateral spreading of the ground, which caused landslides in some areas and tsunamis in others. These tsunamis could potentially cause destruction along the California coastline if the same type of earthquake were to occur in the future.
It is important to note that the California coastline is composed of three different fault lines: the San Andreas, the Mendocino, and the Cascadia Subduction Zone. If an earthquake were to occur on the Cascadia Subduction Zone, it would most likely cause the most destruction. This is because of the close proximity of the two fault lines and the potential for powerful waves to be produced.
Furthermore, an earthquake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone would have the potential to trigger other earthquakes along the other two fault lines. These earthquakes could potentially cause large amounts of destruction due to their power and the fact that they could spread over a larger area.
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describe what contours on a topographic map represent and how to contour spacing indicates the steepness of a slope.
Contours on a topographic map represent the elevation of a landscape. Contour lines are drawn at regular intervals, and the spacing between each line indicates the steepness of the slope.
Closer-spaced contours indicate a steeper slope, while wider-spaced contours represent a more gradual slope. Contours can also be drawn in different patterns, such as concentric circles, double lines, or parallel lines. This allows for more detail in the elevation of the terrain.
Contours are a useful tool for visualizing the shape of a landscape and allowing for more accurate navigation. It is also a useful tool for determining potential hazards and areas of potential flooding. Contours on a map make it easier to identify natural features such as ravines, cliffs, valleys, and ridges.
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he type of turbulence that develops when wind speed changes rapidly with height is: group of answer choices thermal turbulence adiabatic turbulence political turbulence shear-induced turbulence
The type of turbulence that develops when wind speed changes rapidly with height is known as shear-induced turbulence. Therefore the correct option E.
Turbulence is a disruptive event that can cause high-intensity fluctuation flows in different mediums. It is characterized by irregular, chaotic, and random fluctuations in velocity, pressure, and other fluid properties.
Turbulence is commonly observed in many natural and human-made systems, including oceans, rivers, the atmosphere, and industrial applications such as airplane engines and pipelines.
Shear-induced turbulence develops when there is a change in wind speed with height. This phenomenon occurs when the horizontal velocity gradient causes vertical shear and results in turbulent eddies. Therefore the correct option E.
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The following question may be like this:
The type of turbulence that develops when wind speed changes rapidly with height is: a) thermal turbulence b) political turbulence c) adiabatic turbulence d) mechanical turbulence e) shearinduced turbulence
Look at the image below that shows the chances of getting a direct hit by a hurricane during the month of September (usually the busiest month for hurricanes). If you visited Cuba during September, what are your chances of experiencing a direct hit by a hurricane?
(A.) There is an 8 percent chance of a direct hit by a hurricane.
(B.) There is a 2 percent chance of a direct hit by a hurricane.
(C.) There is a 4 percent chance of a direct hit by a hurricane.
(D.) There is no chance of a direct hit by a hurricane.
Answer:
(B.) There is a 2 percent chance of a direct hit by a hurricane
.Explanation:
the red is incorrect
generally speaking, which seismic waves will have the greatest amplitude [height from top to bottom] on a seismogram?
P waves generally have the greatest amplitude on a seismogram. P waves are the fastest seismic waves, meaning they arrive at the detector first and have the highest amplitude when they reach the seismometer.
P waves are also the most energetic of the seismic waves. This is because they are generated by a sudden release of energy at the focus of an earthquake, and since they travel fastest, they retain more energy as they move through the earth.
This energy is then released at the surface and measured by the seismometer.
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what is foliation? group of answer choices parallel bedding in a rock formed by successive depositional events parallel orientation of platy minerals caused by complete melting parallel orientation of platy minerals caused by metamorphism parallel cracking or jointing of a rock due to stress
Foliation, a result of metamorphism, is the parallel orientation of platy minerals in a rock.
The parallel orientation of flat or platy minerals within a rock is referred to as foliation. The minerals align themselves perpendicular to the direction of the highest stress because to the severe pressure and/or heat that occurs during metamorphism. As a result, the rock develops a characteristic layering or banding pattern. Foliation is distinct from parallel bedding, which is created by several depositional occurrences, and from cracking or jointing, which is brought on by stress but excludes mineral alignment. Metamorphic rocks, such as schist and gneiss, frequently exhibit foliation, which can provide important details about the rock's geological past.
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When water moves around a bend in the river it moves very fast on the __________ edge, picking up sediments.
Answer:
When water moves around a bend in the river it moves very fast on the outer edge, picking up sediments.
When water moves around a bend in the river it moves very fast on the outside edge, picking up sediments.
A meander bend, also known as a horse-bends, is a large bend in a river. Meandering rivers are divided into two categories: constant and sinuous. Meanders in constant meandering rivers are tighter and smoother than those in sinuous meandering rivers.
When water moves around a bend in the river it moves very fast on the outer edge, picking up sediments. The river's sediment transport is a crucial aspect of river dynamics. The amount of sediment transported by rivers is influenced by a variety of factors. The energy and speed of the water is the most essential aspect. The amount of sediment the water is carrying is also important. Suspended sediment is frequently transported in the river flow. Sediment is swept downstream and can accumulate where the water slows down or is obstructed in areas where the flow is disrupted. Such regions are often good areas for deposition.
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what is the definition of magma mixing? when magma incorporates more dissolved gases when one rising magma will overtake a second and the two intermix when rising magma melts surrounding country rock and incorporates it when magma mixes with fluids to become more dilute
Definition: The process by which two or more distinct magmas combine to form a mixture of their individual compositions is known as magma mixing.
Explanation: When two or more magmas with various compositions come into contact with one another, they mix and become one. This process can take place in a number of different ways, such as when two magmas combine and overwhelm one another or when a magma melts and integrates nearby rock or fluids. The resulting mixed magma may differ from either of the parent magmas in terms of composition, temperature, and gas content. Magma mixing is a crucial step in the development of many different kinds of igneous rocks and can shed light on a region's geological past.
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Landslide – Portuguese Bend, CA. The Problem 1 placemark flies you to the Portuguese Bend area in California. This region has experienced a massive (and progressive) landslide that has cannibalized the subdivision that once existed on the cliffs overlooking the ocean. How did urbanization likely contribute to cause the mass wasting? You may want to use your textbook. Choose one: a. Vibrations from traffic destabilized the slope. B. Concrete allowed the underlying soil to dry out and lose cohesion. C. Landscape plants (e. G. , trees, bushes) disrupted the stability of the soil. D. Water from septic systems, sprinklers, etc. , lubricated a layer of bentonite clay that slopes toward the ocean
The correct option is D. that is Water from septic systems, sprinklers, etc. , lubricated a layer of bentonite clay that slopes toward the ocean.
The Portuguese Bend landslide, in coastal southern California, is an active, slow-moving mass of blocks and debris that spans from the seashore to modest altitudes along part of the southerly boundary of the Palos Verdes Hills.
Earthflow, rotational, and translational slides all combine to form the Portuguese Bend Landslide. An older, more substantial slide was revived to create the modern slide.
Portuguese Bend, California, landslip. The Problem You can fly to the Portuguese Bend region of California with just 1 placemark. The community that used to be on the cliffs overlooking the ocean has been cannibalized by the significant (and progressive) landslip that occurred in this area. urbanisation likely contributes to cause mass wasting A layer of bentonite clay that slopes towards the ocean was lubricated by water from sprinklers, septic systems, etc.
The Portuguese Bend landslide is a slow-moving mass of blocks and debris that extends from the beach to modest altitudes along a portion of the southern edge of the Palos Verdes Hills in coastal southern California.
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the photo shows a close-up of the surface of one of the sheets from the rock in part 1. note the large crystals of a dark, soft, flaky mineral. what mineral is it? choose one: a. feldspar b. biotite c. quartz d. calcite
The mineral shows in the photo is a biotite mineral. So the option B is correct.
Biotite is a dark-colored mineral that is found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is a common rock-forming mineral and is classified as a phyllosilicate. Biotite is composed of iron and magnesium bonded to silicon and oxygen, and it is a common constituent of mica schists and gneisses.
Biotite has a high capacity to absorb and retain heat, making it an important component in insulation materials. Its properties also make it useful in the production of certain kinds of ceramics and adhesives. So the option B is correct.
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is this statement true or false? france is located in both the eastern and western hemispheres. responses true true false
The given statement "France is located in both the eastern and western hemispheres" is True. France is located in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. France is located in the Northern Hemisphere, between the latitudes of 42° and 51° North, and longitudes of 5° and 10° East.
France's mainland is divided into three parts. The northernmost part of France is located in the Eastern Hemisphere, while the southernmost part of France is located in the Western Hemisphere. France also includes several overseas territories, some of which are located in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
France is also home to a variety of overseas territories. These include French Guiana, located in South America, and several islands in the Caribbean, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. The overseas territories of Mayotte and Reunion are both located in the Indian Ocean.
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how do we know that the washington and oregon coasts have experienced numerous large tsunamis in the past?
There is strong evidence that the Washington and Oregon coasts have been subjected to numerous large tsunamis in the past. When seismic waves are generated by a submarine earthquake, a tsunami is formed.
Seismic activity may cause sea level fluctuations that can lead to surges in water volume and tsunami waves. Tsunamis from earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic activity have affected the Pacific Northwest in the past, as evidenced by the following factors:
The discovery of thousands of old logs on the Washington coast, which have been confirmed to be evidence of past tsunamis. Large deposits of sand in areas that are currently dominated by forest, such as the Willapa Bay area. Layers of sand, gravel, and debris in bogs and other natural landscapes.A tsunami deposit that has been verified in a test trench in Seaside, Oregon. The evacuation of villages to higher ground on oral and written accounts in Native American and First Nations communities along the coast. Evidence of a tsunami deposit in the area between the most significant historic tsunami in 1964, which struck Alaska and traveled down the west coast, and the previous significant historical tsunami, which struck in 1700.
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explain the three major characteristics of magma that determine how explosive a volcanic eruption will be.
Magma’s three major characteristics that determine how explosive a volcanic eruption will be are temperature, viscosity, and dissolved gases.
Temperature - Hot magma is more buoyant, leading to faster and more violent eruptions. Cooler magma is denser, and therefore has a slower eruption.
Viscosity - The higher the viscosity of the magma, the less likely it is for gases to escape, leading to a more explosive eruption.
Dissolved gases - Magma can contain dissolved gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide. The more gas that is dissolved in the magma, the more explosive the eruption.
In summary, the three major characteristics of magma that determine the explosivity of a volcanic eruption are temperature, viscosity, and dissolved gases.
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what does the existence of machu picchu suggest about the power of the inca king?
The existence of Machu Picchu suggests that the Inca king or emperor, Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, had significant power and resources at his disposal. Machu Picchu is an ancient Inca citadel located in the Andes Mountains of Peru
It is thought to have been constructed in the middle of the 15th century as a royal estate for Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui. It is reasonable to assume that the Inca king had the strength and authority to command the necessary materials and labor force given the amount of labor, resources, and organization required to build such a monumental and elaborate structure in a remote and inaccessible location. Additionally, Machu Picchu's strategic location, with a view of the Urubamba River Valley, may have represented Inca power and control over the neighboring lands symbolically.
However, it's important to note that there are still many unanswered questions about the function and significance of Machu Picchu, and historians continue to disagree about its exact place in Inca politics and society.
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what would you look for as evidence that a rock layer formed from materials deposited by ancient turbidity currents?
Answer:
repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward
Explanation:
Evidence that a rock layer was formed from materials deposited by ancient turbidity currents include sedimentary structures such as ripple marks, graded bedding, and load casts. Ripple marks are wave-like undulations formed by currents. Graded bedding occurs when finer-grained material is deposited on top of coarser-grained material. Load casts are hollow molds that form when a current carries material and deposits it.
Other evidence of turbidity current deposits include erosional contact points, angular cross beds, and slump structures. Erosional contact points are found when a turbidity current is so powerful it cuts through underlying strata. Angular cross beds indicate rapid deposition by a fast-moving current.
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what phrase(s) could you add to the concept map to connect joints to other terms, which may or may not already be present in the concept map? select all that apply.
To connect joints to other terms in the concept map, the following phrases could be added: Periosteum, Muscles, Ligaments, Tendons, Articular cartilage, Synovial membrane.
To help understand the concept better, a concept map is a graphic representation that shows how concepts are connected with each other. To make connections to other terms, phrases are used in a concept map.
For instance, joints are connected to other terms such as periosteum, muscles, ligaments, tendons, articular cartilage, and synovial membrane. This is because joints consist of these parts that enable them to move.
Joints: Joints are the places where bones connect to each other. They are made up of different parts that work together to allow movement.
Periosteum: Periosteum is a thin layer of tissue that covers the outside of bones.
Muscles: Muscles are tissues in the body that produce movement.
Ligaments: Ligaments are strong, flexible bands of tissue that connect bones to other bones.
Tendons: Tendons are tough, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscles to bones.
Articular cartilage: Articular cartilage is a smooth, tough layer of tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints.
Synovial membrane: Synovial membrane is a thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of joints.
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explain how water moves through the water cycle?
Water in the water cycle moves between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere in a continuous cycle. It begins as water evaporates from the surface of the ocean, rivers, lakes, and wetlands into the atmosphere. The water vapor in the atmosphere rises and is cooled, forming clouds. As the clouds move, they can release water vapor in the form of precipitation, such as rain, snow, and hail. This precipitation then falls back to the surface and collects in bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. The water can also seep into the ground, where it replenishes groundwater sources. As the water in the bodies of water warms, it can evaporate again, and the cycle continues.
Salt marsh __________ help prevent erosion and stabilize shorelines.
Salt marsh vegetation can help prevent erosion and stabilize shorelines.
Salt marshes are coastal wetlands that are regularly flooded and drained by salt water brought in by the tides. Salt marshes are found in temperate and high-latitude areas throughout the world's coastlines, from tropical regions to polar regions.
Salt marshes play a significant role in protecting coastlines from erosion by buffering the force of waves and tides, absorbing storm surges, and holding sediment in place with the roots of vegetation. In addition, they protect low-lying regions from the dangers of coastal flooding by absorbing storm surges and dissipating wave energy. As a result, salt marshes serve as a crucial buffer between the ocean and land, safeguarding the coast and its inhabitants from the hazards of coastal erosion and flooding.
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he san andreas fault is... group of answer choices associated with deep focus earthquakes a world-famous example of a hot spot is an intraplate fault within the juan de fuca plate an oceanic transform fault a continental transform fault
The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault, which is a type of fault that occurs at the boundary between two tectonic plates.
The San Andreas Fault marks the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The two plates slide past each other horizontally in opposite directions. As the plates move, they cause earthquakes with deep focus, which are powerful earthquakes that occur far beneath the surface.
An example of a world-famous hot spot is the Hawaii Islands, which form due to magma rising up from the Earth's mantle. This is a form of intraplate volcanism, which occurs at locations that are not on tectonic plate boundaries. In contrast, transform faults are located on plate boundaries, and the San Andreas Fault is a prominent example.
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as transgression occurs at a given location, . choose one or more: a. sea level rises. b. the coastline migrates inland. c. sea level falls. d. the coastline migrates seaward. e. a mud layer accumulates over a sand layer.
Transgression is a term used to describe the phenomenon when the sea level rises and the coastline migrates inland. Therefore the correct option is option B.
This is a natural process that happens due to several reasons such as global warming, melting of glaciers and ice caps, and tectonic plate movements.
Transgression is the geological phenomenon that occurs when sea levels rise or land subsides, resulting in flooding and a gradual migration of coastal landforms inland.
Transgression occurs when relative sea level rises due to any one of several reasons such as melting of glaciers and ice caps, global warming, or tectonic plate movements.
Thus, transgression is a vital process that shapes our coastlines and plays a significant role in the geological history of the earth. Therefore the correct option is option B.
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Rectangle PQRS has vertices P(-3,3),Q(6,-3),andS(-3,-3). Graph the rectangle and its image after dilation with the scale factor 1/3
The image with a 1/3 scale dilation factor is P'Q'R'S' and its corresponding values are (-1.1), (2.1), (1.1), and (1.2).
How can a rectangle dilate?The scale factor of that dilatation is the name given to that figure. Also The distance between each point in the rectangle and its center will be scaled by that one dilation factor if the dilation is measured from the center of the rectangle.
The origin will serve as the center of the 1/3 scale-factor dilatation, and the coordinates will be (x, y) — (kx, ky), where k is the scale factor, or 1/3.
The formula for this is (1/3x, 1/3y).
About point P (- 3, 3)
P' = The image of P (-1. 1)
About point Q (6, -3)
The depiction of Q (1, 2)
About point R (-3, - 3)
Picture of R' (1, -1)
As a result, the image with a 1/3 scale factor dilation is P'Q'R'S' are (-1. 1),(1, 2),(1, -1) and accordingly.
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which of the common volcanic landforms is the largest in size? group of answer choices composite volcano coulee shield volcano cinder cone volcanic dome
Out of the given options, the shield volcano is the largest in size.
What is a shield volcano?
A shield volcano is a kind of volcano that is defined by its low profile and broad shape. Shield volcanoes are mostly formed by the eruption of basaltic lava, which flows quickly and spreads over a wide area.
The lava flow, when it cools, builds up the volcano's wide, gently sloping sides.
The following are the common features of a shield volcano: Lava plateau Flows of lava may take place from both the central summit and the fissures on the flanks Low angle slopes Gentle eruptions Mafic eruptions Shallow Mafic magma is the source of the volcano's lava composition Largest in size Out of the given options, the shield volcano is the largest in size.
Therefore, the correct option is B - shield volcano.
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composed of minerals with crystals that have their long axes perpendicular to pressure
The type of rock that is composed of minerals with crystals that have their long axes perpendicular to pressure is called foliated metamorphic rock.
Foliated metamorphic rocks are formed when preexisting rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) are subjected to heat and pressure over a long period of time. The resulting rocks have a layered or banded appearance due to the alignment of mineral grains or crystals in a specific orientation.
The minerals in foliated metamorphic rocks are typically composed of crystals with their long axes perpendicular to pressure, which gives the rocks their characteristic texture. Examples of foliated metamorphic rocks include slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss.
The question is:
The type of rock that is composed of minerals with crystals that have their long axes perpendicular to pressure is called _________.
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what type of estuary occurs within the mouth of a river flowing directly into salt water? here fresh water flows out to sea at the surface, and denser seawater flows upstream along the river bottom.
A type of estuary that occurs within the mouth of a river flowing directly into saltwater is a salt wedge estuary. This type of estuary is characterized by freshwater that flows out to the sea at the surface, while denser seawater flows upstream along the river bottom.
A salt wedge estuary is a type of estuary that is primarily influenced by a river's flow, as well as the tidal forces of the ocean. In this type of estuary, seawater, which is denser than freshwater, will enter the river's mouth and flow upstream along the river bottom, creating a wedge-like shape.
The freshwater, which is less dense, will flow over the denser seawater and form a layer on top. The result of this phenomenon is a stratified water column in the river, with saltwater at the bottom and freshwater at the top. This creates a unique habitat for marine and freshwater species alike.
Salt wedge estuaries are commonly found in areas with low tidal ranges, such as the Mississippi River in the United States or the Murray River in Australia.
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at nearly all the stations, the season receives the greater amount of precipitation on average. a. summer b. winter
The answer is "b. winter". In most stations, the winter season receives a greater amount of precipitation on average compared to summer.
At almost all locations, the winter season typically experiences higher precipitation totals. This is because the air becomes colder and less able to hold moisture during the winter when the temperature decreases. As a result, clouds form from the condensation of the air's moisture, bringing forth precipitation. Winter storms also bring a lot of precipitation, including snow, sleet, and freezing rain, to many areas. Although thunderstorms can occasionally occur in the summer, they are typically more confined and localised than storms that occur in the winter. Therefore, across most locations, winter is the time of year that sees the highest precipitation.
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