Under which of these conditions would scientists use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) before they analyze a DNA sample?
Answer:
This question lacks options, the options are:
A. The DNA sample comes from a bacterium or virus,
B. The DNA sample has been cut into fragments by restriction enzymes.
C. Only a small amount of the DNA sample is available,
D. The DNA sample includes regions that are transcribed into mRNA
The answer is C
Explanation:
Polymerase chain reaction, commonly known as PCR, is a molecular technique used to amplify a DNA sample into producing million copies of it. The PCR was invented by Kary Mullis in 1983 and since then it has been used to multiply DNA sample for use in molecular or forensic studies.
PCR starts with a very minute fragment of DNA sample. Therefore, scientists use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) before they analyze a DNA sample under the condition that only a small amount of the DNA sample is available.
what is a microscope
Answer:
an optical instrument used for viewing very small objects, such as mineral samples or animal or plant cells, typically magnified several hundred times.A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic means being invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.
what is the volume of the graduated cylinder?
Explanation:
The formula for the volume of a cylinder is V=Bh or V=πr2h . The radius of the cylinder is 8 cm and the height is 15 cm. Substitute 8 for r and 15 for h in the formula V=πr2h .
Dysregulated translational factors and epigenetic regulations orchestrate in B cells contributing to
Dysregulated translational factors and epigenetic regulation interact in B cells and contribute to autoimmune disease.
B cells play an important role in antigen presentation, antibody production, and secretion of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines in adaptive immunity. Several translation factors, including transcription factors and cytokines, are involved in regulating B cell development in concert with epigenetic regulation. Autoimmune diseases are generally characterized by autoreactive B cells and highly pathogenic autoantibodies. Successful B-cell depleting therapies in mouse models and clinical studies demonstrate the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Failure of B-cell tolerance at immune checkpoints results in the accumulation of autoreactive naive B (BN) cells with aberrant B-cell receptor signaling and dysregulated B-cell responses, leading to autoantibody-mediated autoimmune responses.
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What is mitochondrial DNA?
Answer:
Mitochondrial DNA is the small circular chromosome found inside mitochondria. The mitochondria are organelles found in cells that are the sites of energy production. The mitochondria, and thus mitochondrial DNA, are passed from mother to offspring.
Do nutrition labels provide relevant information?
Explanation:
Yes, they do they let consumers know about possible allergens and nutritional value.They can also assist those keeping to a diet.
What are some of the selection criteria used by agriculturalists for selecting plants and livestock
The selection of plants and livestock by agriculturalists is a critical component of successful farming.
It is important to choose the right plants and animals in order to maximize yields, reduce risk, and ensure sustainability. There are several criteria that agriculturalists use to make their selections.
The first selection criteria is climatic adaptability. This means ensuring that the plants and animals being chosen are suitable for the climate, soil, and other environmental conditions of the farm. It is important to choose varieties that are disease resistant, drought tolerant, and adapted to local conditions. Additionally, plants should be chosen based on their yield potential, harvest season, and marketability.
The second selection criteria is genetic variability. This means selecting plants and animals with a wide range of genetic diversity. This diversity is important for ensuring that the crops and livestock are able to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Additionally, genetic diversity helps to reduce the risk of disease and pest outbreaks.
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Pls help me!!!!!!!!!!! Just write what column it goes in.
Reactions of photosynthesis:
Light-dependent reactions; Electron transport chain, photosystem I, photosystem II, ATP synthase. Light-independent reactions; Calvin cycleWhat are the processes of photosynthesis?Energy from Sunlight is used to breakdown Water in order to release electrons in order to synthesize ATP and NADPH from ADP and NADP+ in the light-dependent reaction that occurs in the chloroplast. Electron transport chain, photosystem I, photosystem II, and ATP synthase are the processes involved in this stage.
The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin cycle, uses ATP, NADPH, and CO2 as reactants to produce SUGAR (glucose), NADP+, and ADP as products.
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What is the law of conservation of energy short answer?
According to the rule of conservation of energy, energy can only be transformed from one form of energy to another and cannot be created or destroyed.
This indicates that unless energy is added from the outside, a system always has the same quantity of energy.
Energy conservation was different from mass conservation. However, special relativity demonstrates that mass and energy are connected by the formula E = mc², and science currently holds the belief that mass-energy is conserved as a whole. Theoretically, this means that every mass-containing object can transform into pure energy and vice versa. However, it is thought that this is only feasible under the most severe physical circumstances, such as those that probably occurred in the cosmos just after the Big Bang.
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which body system is the production of egg and sperm cells, protects and nourishes offspring until birth??
plzz help!
Answer:
The reproductive system??
Select the correct labels for the parts of this atom. ( Part a: Part b: Part c:
ions
proton
neutron
electron
nucleus
The parts of atoms include:
a - protonb - electronc - neutronHow do atoms work?An atom is made up of a central nucleus and one or more negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is positively charged and contains one or more protons and neutrons, which are relatively heavy particles. Atoms are the fundamental constituents of matter.
Protons are made up of two up quarks and one down quark. Neutrons are made up of one up quark and two down quarks. The "strong nuclear force," one of the four fundamental forces, holds the nucleus together.
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Why do cells have different membrane carbonhydrates.
Answer: Carbohydrates on the cell membrane help cells function properly. Carbohydrates do this in two ways: helping cells recognize each other and providing protection for cells.
What is a behavioral adaptation give 2 examples?
Explanation:
Behavioral adaptation is something an animal does usually in response to some sort of external stimulus in order to survive. Hibernating during winter is an example of a behavioral adaptation,this is common among bears.Another behavioral adaptation is migration by birds .
Darwin collected 13 different types of finches. All were the same expect for ___________ _______________________________________.
A. size and shape of their beaks.
B. color and texture of their beaks
C. age and size of the males
D. length and mass of their feathers
Answer:
Hey mate.....
Explanation:
This is ur answer.....
A. size and shape of their beaks.....Hope it helps!
Brainliest pls....
Follow me! ;)
What drives the movement of water in Earth's systems?
Answer:
The water cycle is driven primarily by the energy from the sun. This solar energy drives the cycle by evaporating water from the oceans, lakes, rivers, and even the soil. Other water moves from plants to the atmosphere through the process of transpiration.
Explanation:
What’s the answer to the question
Some organisms depend on ____________ to maintain this constant internal environment. For example, lizards lounge on rocks in sunny locations to warm their bodies and seek shade to cool their bodies.
What happens to protease after protein digestion?
Answer:
They mostly break down carbohydrates and fats. Once a protein source reaches your stomach, hydrochloric acid and enzymes called proteases break it down into smaller chains of amino acids
Explanation:
Extend: If mushrooms were producers, how would your results in question 3 have been different?
Answer:
if mushrooms were producers the bear and tree population would also increase
The process of union between egg and sperm.
oogenesis
mitosis
conception
implantation
Which of the following processes can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
Burning Fossil Fuels
Deforestation
Phtosynthesis
Destruction of Ozone
Answer: Phtosynthesis
Explanation:
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide naturally — and trees are especially good at storing carbon removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis
which of the following is the most accurate comment on the earth's carrying capacity for people?
(a) K is smaller now than it was a thousand years ago.
(b)The human population is still a long way from K.
(c)Our technology has allowed us to keep increasing K.
(d)When it comes to humans, the concept of K is irrelevant.
We can keep raising K thanks to technology. The best assessment of how many people the earth can support is the following.
Whereabouts is the Earth?Earth's location in the universe is determined by the Hercules Supercluster of galaxies. A supercluster is a group of galaxies bound together by gravity. Within this supercluster, a smaller group of galaxies called the Local Group includes us. Earth is situated in the Night Sky, the second-largest galactic in the Bike Club.
What does the actual name of Earth mean?Contrary to common opinion, Earth lacks a globally recognized name. A common misinterpretation of the planet's scientifically known is "Terra." "Earth" is the planet's common surname as it is referred to in science.
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3 Two true breeding parents are crossed similar to Mendel's P generation. A tall plant is crossed with a short plant. What is the expected outcome for the F1 generation
All tall will be the expected outcome for the F1 generation. To create the P generation, Mendel crossed two pure breeding parents. A tall plant and a short plant have been crossed. In the first generation following the cross, one version of a trait.
Such as tall, always concealed the other form, such as short. Mendel referred to the dominant trait as being visible, and the recessive trait as being concealed. The buried version of the trait resurfaced in a small percentage of the plants in the second generation when plants were permitted parents to self-fertilize (pollinate themselves). The ratio was specifically 3:13:13, colon, 1, meaning that there were always roughly 333 plants that displayed the dominant characteristic (for example, tall) for every 111 plants that displayed the recessive trait.
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When you took the salad out of the refrigerator for dinner, the lettuce looks wilted and some water was in the bottom of the bowl. Use the principles of osmosis to explain what happened. why
Water molecules must have moved out of the lettuce by osmosis. The addition of salt and other seasonings must have created a hypertonic ambiance for the cells of the lettuce.
Osmosis refers to the movement of solvent (mostly water) molecules through a selectively (semi) permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration, in such a way as to equate the solute concentrations on both sides. Water usually moves osmotically from regions of lower solute concentration (high water potential) to regions of high solute concentration (low water potential).
Thus, water will move out of the cells of the lettuce to the surrounding (bottom of the bowl) due to the lower water potential of the surrounding.
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what do you mean by nominal system of nomenclature? Fastplzzzzz
Answer:
The binomial nomenclature system combines two names into one to give all species unique scientific names.
Explanation:
Hope this helps, not 100% sure if this is what you are looking for :)
This is a system of providing a name with two components 1st = Generic name
2nd = specific epithet or species
this naming system was given by carolus Linnaeus
hope it helps
What are some examples of mollusks and what makes them different from each other?
Mollusks are classified into various classes like Gastropod, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, and Polyplacophora .
Gastropods have a special characteristics that includes spirally-coiled external shell while others mollusks usually have a flattened shell, and many of them doesn't possess any shell as outer structure.
Four common characteristics that all mollusks share , are having soft bodies, a mantle, a visceral mass, and the foot. The phylum Mollusca has many distinctive features and special characteristics, which include a mantle cavity, visceral mass, foot, and radula. Mantle is the cavity which is used for breathing and excretion purpose , radula is longue like structure that helps in sensory and food grasping purpose.
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The first step in the process of gene expression is transcription. What is the product of transcription during gene expression? A. a codon B. a molecule of thymine C. an RNA polymerase D. a molecule of RNA
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Transcription = DNA to RNA
Translation = RNA to codons to create amino acids or proteins.
What increases genetic variance?
The factors like genetic mutations, random mating, gene flow and genetic drift can increase genetic variance.
Genetic variations are the changes which occur in the genetic sequence of the DNA. These genetic variations are necessary as they allow the living beings to evolve and eventually survive. There are some factors which cause an increase in the genetic variation and they are genetic mutations, random mating, gene flow and genetic drift.
A genetic mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence of a particular gene which causes a different product to form. This helps increase the genetic variance in organisms. Gene flow is defined as the movement of genes in and out of a particular population. In-flow of genes can help increase the genetic variation of individuals in that population. Genetic drift is the change in allelic frequency in a population by chance. Random mating is the mating of individuals that is not especially dictated by any social or genetic preference and leads to an increase in variation.
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Count of normal liver cells vs. cancerous cells.
Normal liver cells (lower curve) have a relatively stable count
at increasing cell density, while cancer cells of the same cell
type show an increased count at higher cell densities. From
this, it was concluded that populations of cancer cells have
lost the harmony and coherence that is typical for healthy
tissue.
A possible claim based on the information provided could be:
"Cancer cells in the liver have a higher count at higher cell densities compared to normal liver cells, indicating a loss of harmony and coherence typical of healthy tissue."What is the cancerous cells about?The statement describes an experiment or observation that compared the count of normal liver cells to that of cancerous cells at different cell densities. The results showed that the count of normal liver cells remained relatively stable as the cell density increased, while the count of cancer cells increased at higher cell densities.
From this observation, the conclusion was drawn that cancer cells in the liver have lost the harmony and coherence that is typical of healthy tissue.
Therefore, this claim is based on the experiment/observation conducted and the comparison of the count of normal liver cells and cancer cells. It implies that cancer cells are behaving differently from normal cells in a way that makes them less orderly and more chaotic and thus different from healthy tissue.
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See full question below
Count of normal liver cells vs. cancerous cells.
Normal liver cells (lower curve) have a relatively stable count
at increasing cell density, while cancer cells of the same cell
type show an increased count at higher cell densities. From
this, it was concluded that populations of cancer cells have
lost the harmony and coherence that is typical for healthy
tissue. What claim can be obtained from the above statement.
Why do cells need to die?
Answer:
Why do cells die? ... When cells are not needed, such as during certain stages of development. To create a structure in the body, for example, the outer layer of the skin is made of dead cells. To remove excess cells, such as white blood cells after an infection has been cleared.
Cells need to die bcuz a cell has only a limited amount of energy to do its function so it will not work aftr it has no energy. thus cells need to die.