What is the amount of heat required if 250.0 g of water is heated from 22.0 degrees C to 75.0 degrees C?

The pH after addition of 0.0400 mole of HNO3 is 4.13

First, determine the pKa using the provided Ka.:

pKa = -log Ka

pKa = -log 1.3 x 10-5 pKa = 4.8861

Then, determine how many moles of propionic acid HA and propionate A were present in the initial solution.

NHA= (0.300 M) (1.00 L) = 0.300 mol HA

NA- = (0.100 M) (1.00 L) = 0.100 mol A

Calculate the acid and base amounts again after 0.0400 mol of acid has been added. By doing this, the amount of acid will rise while the amount of base will fall:

nHA= 0.300 mol + 0.0400 mol = 0.340

nA = 0.100 mol-0.0400 mol = 0.060

Put the parameters into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation at the end. Keep in mind that the ratio of concentrations and the ratio of moles are the same:

pH = pKa + log [A]/ [HA]

pH = pKa + log (nA-/V) / (nHA/ V)

pH = pKa + log nA- / nHA

pH 4.8861+ log = 0.060 /0.340

pH = 4.1328

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The answer to the number of ions present in the aqueous solution is option (c) 4.30 x 10^21 magnesium ions and 8.60 x 10^21 chloride ions.

The number of ions in the aqueous solution can be calculated using the following formula:

Number of moles = molarity x volume of solution (in liters)

Number of ions = Avogadro's number x number of moles of substance

Since magnesium chloride dissociates into two ions (Mg2+ and 2Cl-), the number of ions can be doubled to calculate the number of chloride ions.The number of moles of magnesium chloride can be calculated as follows:

Number of moles = Molarity x Volume (in liters)

Number of moles = 1.88 M x 3.8 x 10^-6 L = 7.184 x 10^-6 mol

The total number of ions in the solution is:

Number of ions = 2 x Avogadro's number x number of moles of substance

Number of ions = 2 x 6.022 x 10^23 x 7.184 x 10^-6

Number of ions = 8.60 x 10^21 ions

The number of magnesium ions can be calculated by dividing the total number of ions by 2.Number of Mg2+ ions = 8.60 x 10^21 ions ÷ 2 = 4.30 x 10^21 ions

Therefore, the correct answer is option (c) 4.30 x 10^21 magnesium ions and 8.60 x 10^21 chloride ions.

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When we add more carbon in the atmosphere it warms the planet and helps the plants on land grow more. Excess of carbon can makes the water more acidic.

When carbon dioxide is added to atmosphere it reacts with water to form carbonic acid from which hydrogen ions dissociate and results in increasing the acidity of the system. So we can say that in addition to any greenhouse effect the anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere can increase the acidity of the atmosphere and precipitation of the atmosphere. Most of the plant species show higher rates of photosynthesis which cause increased growth and the decreased water use and lowered tissue concentrations of nitrogen and protein of the water.

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The correct question is,

What happens when too much CO2 enters the atmosphere?

The base ionization constant is defined as the equilibrium constant for the equilibrium of the reaction between a conjugate base and its parent acid. Option (A) is correct.

The ionization constant of the reaction can be defined as a constant that depends upon the equilibrium between the ions and the molecules of the reaction that are not ionized in a solution or in the liquid. It is expressed as the symbol as K. It is also called as the dissociation constant. The base ionization constant is generally calculated by the multiplication of the concentrations of the hydrogen ions of the reaction and the concentration of the conjugate base of the reaction. Then the value is divided by the concentration of the acid of the reaction.

A base ionization constant is defined as the equilibrium constant for the ionization of a base of the reaction. It can be expressed as [tex]K_{b}[/tex]. We can take an example of ammonia, This is the expressed in the form of,

                [tex]K_{b}[/tex] = [[tex]NH_4^{+} }[/tex]][[tex]OH^{-}[/tex]][[tex]NH_{3}[/tex]]

[tex]K_{b}[/tex] is a reflection of the strength of the base of the reaction. It is evident that weak bases with relatively high [tex]K_{b}[/tex] values are generally stronger than bases of the reaction with relatively low [tex]K_{b}[/tex] values of the base of the reaction.

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The base ionization constant is described by which of the following?

select the correct answer below:

A. the base ionization constant is the equilibrium constant for the equilibrium between a conjugate base and its parent acid.

B.  the base ionization constant is the ratio of the concentration of the ionized base to the initial base concentration times 100%.

C. the base ionization constant is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of a base.

D.  none of the above

Answer:

The base ionization constant is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of a base.

Explanation:

The base ionization constant is denoted by the symbol Kb and is defined as the equilibrium constant for the ionization of a base in water.

Recall that a base, B, will undergo base ionization in water according to the following equation.

B(aq)+H2O(l)↽−−⇀BH+(aq)+OH−(aq)

The equilibrium constant for this reaction is:

Kb=[BH+][OH−][B]

Generally, we only discuss the equilibrium constants for weak bases, as strong bases dissociate completely in water.

Agriculture: Copper (II) sulfate is used as a fungicide to control plant diseases, while iron metal is used as a nutrient for plants.

Fe + CuSO4 Reaction.

Reactant and state: Copper (II) sulphate, solid (CuSO4.5H2O)

Product and state: Iron (II) sulphate, solid

(FeSO4) and Copper metal, solid (Cu)

Word equation: Iron metal + Copper (II) sulphate sulphate - Copper metal + Iron (II)

Balanced formula: Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4

Type of reaction: This is a single displacement or substitution reaction, where iron replaces copper in the copper sulfate compound.

ChatGPT

The symbol that is a measure of the favorability of a reaction, considering both the enthalpy and entropy, is Gibbs free energy (ΔG).

The Gibbs free energy change of a reaction takes into account the change in enthalpy (ΔH) and the change in entropy (ΔS) of the system, and is given by the equation:

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

where T is the temperature in Kelvin.

A negative value of ΔG indicates that the reaction is spontaneous and favors the formation of products, while a positive value of ΔG indicates that the reaction is non-spontaneous and favors the formation of reactants. At equilibrium, ΔG is zero, indicating that the reaction is in a state of balance between the reactants and products.

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The correct options are AB+CD →AD+CB, Oxygen, HF, Ba(OH)₂, Na₂SO₄+H₂O, They are double displacement reactions.

When pieces of two ionic compounds are exchanged, two new compounds are created. These reactions are known as double displacement reactions. Chemical reactions known as double displacement reactions occur when the reactant ions move around to create new products. Precipitate production often happens as a result of a double displacement process. Covalent or ionic chemical bonds may be present between the reactants. Iron sulphate is produced as a result of the interaction between iron and copper sulphate. Because iron is more reactive than copper in this situation, copper is replaced. Zinc and iron sulphate react, producing zinc sulphate as a byproduct.

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Answer:

The relationship between salinity and light transmittance is that an increase in salinity leads to a decrease in light transmittance. This is because the dissolved salts in water absorb and scatter light, reducing the amount of light that can pass through.

Explanation:

A polar solvent is prepared by mixing 27.5 mL of propanone with 222.5 mL of water the percentage by volume of propanone in the mixture is 11%.

The percentage by volume of propanone in the mixture can be calculated as follows:

Find the total volume of the mixture:

Total volume = volume of propanone + volume of water

Total volume = 27.5 mL + 222.5 mL

Total volume = 250 mL

Calculate the volume fraction of propanone:

Volume fraction of propanone = volume of propanone / total volume

Volume fraction of propanone = 27.5 mL / 250 mL

Volume fraction of propanone = 0.11

Convert the volume fraction to a percentage:

Percentage by volume of propanone = volume fraction of propanone x 100%

Percentage by volume of propanone = 0.11 x 100%

Percentage by volume of propanone = 11%

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The replacement of the polar amino acid residue His 57 with a nonpolar residue in the chymotrypsin active site could impair the proper positioning of catalytic residues, potentially reducing or eliminating the enzyme's activity.

His 57 forms a hydrogen bond with Ser 195 in the chymotrypsin active site. His 57 is a polar amino acid residue, and its interaction with Ser 195 contributes to the proper positioning of the catalytic residues in the active site.

If His 57 were replaced by a nonpolar amino acid residue, such as alanine or valine, the hydrogen bond with Ser 195 would be lost. This could result in a change in the positioning of the catalytic residues in the active site, which could impair the ability of chymotrypsin to properly interact with its substrate and perform its enzymatic function. Therefore, the replacement of His 57 with a nonpolar amino acid residue could potentially reduce or eliminate the enzymatic activity of chymotrypsin.

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Answer:  1. The chemical formula of the negative polyatomic ion present in an aqueous nitric acid solution is nitrate, which has a chemical formula of NO3-.

2. The solubility of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in water is negatively affected by an increase in water temperature. This means that as the temperature of water increases, the solubility of SO2 in water decreases. This is because the solubility of gases in water generally decreases with increasing temperature, due to the decrease in gas molecules' ability to dissolve in water. Therefore, when water temperature increases, the amount of SO2 that can dissolve in the water decreases, resulting in less acidic rainfall.

Explanation:

This is incomplete question, here is the question.

Most metals used by society are obtained from which group of options: base metals, ore minerals, precious metals, or native metals?

Most metals used are obtained from base metals ore minerals due to their abundance and ease of extraction through mining.

Most metals utilized by society are acquired from base metals mineral minerals. These minerals incorporate copper, zinc, lead, nickel, and tin, which are tracked down in enormous amounts in the World's hull. The extraction interaction includes mining these metals from underground or open-pit mines, trailed by pounding and crushing to set the metal free from the mineral grid.

Synthetic or actual division procedures are then used to confine and refine the metal. Valuable metals, like gold and silver, are additionally acquired from metal minerals, however they are somewhat intriguing and more hard to extricate. Local metals, then again, are tracked down in their unadulterated metallic structure and don't need extraction from mineral minerals.

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The given statement "at low temperatures, intermolecular forces become important and pressure of the gas will be higher than predicted by ideal gas law" is false. Because, at low temperatures, intermolecular forces become more significant and cause gas molecules to come closer together, which reduces the volume of the gas.

As a result, the pressure of the gas will be lower than predicted by the ideal gas law, which assumes that gas molecules have no volume and do not interact with each other.

The ideal gas law is only accurate for gases that behave like ideal gases, meaning that they have negligible intermolecular forces and occupy no volume. Real gases, on the other hand, deviate from the ideal gas law at high pressures and low temperatures, where intermolecular forces become more significant.

At these conditions, the volume of the gas becomes significant compared to the volume of the container, and the gas behaves less ideally. In this case, we need to use more complex equations of state to accurately predict the behavior of the gas.

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Total 2 electrons are transferred in this reaction.

Balanced chemical equation for the given reaction under acidic conditions is;

8 H⁺ + 2 Fe²+ + 2HNO₂ → 2NO₃⁻ + 2 Fe₃⁺ + 3H₂O

So the coefficients of the species are;

HNO₂⁺ + Fe₂⁺ → NO₃⁻ + Fe₃⁺

1 + 1 → 1 + 1

Water will appear in the balanced chemical equation as a product having a coefficient of 3.

The number of electrons transferred in this reaction can be calculated by examining the oxidation states of the atoms involved. Iron (Fe) goes from a +2 oxidation state to a +3 oxidation state, which means it has lost one electron per Fe atom. Therefore, 2 electrons are transferred in total.

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"When the following equation is balanced properly under acidic conditions, what are the coefficients of the species shown? HNo2+ + Fe2+ --> NO3- + Fe water appears in the balanced equation as a fill in the blank 5 (reactant, product, neither) with a coefficient of . (enter 0 for neither.) how many electrons are transferred in this reaction?"--

Answer:

Yes, the synthesis strategy can give a substitution reaction with the expected regiochemistry and stereochemistry

Explanation:

The expected product of the forward reaction would be a single enantiomer of the substituted product, depending upon the starting materials used. For example, if the starting material is an unsubstituted chiral compound, then the product would be a single enantiomer of the desired product. If the starting material is a racemic mixture, then the product would be a racemic mixture of the desired product. In detail, a substitution reaction involves the replacement of a functional group in a molecule with a different functional group. This process can be catalyzed by a transition metal catalyst, such as a palladium or nickel complex. The reaction is usually carried out in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and a nucleophile, such as an alcohol or an amine.

When it comes to synthesis, the goal is to create a compound or molecule from simpler components through chemical reactions. In terms of regiochemistry and stereochemistry, these refer to the specific spatial orientation of atoms or groups in a molecule and the effects this has on reactivity and other properties.

In regards to the question, it is difficult to provide a specific answer without more information about the specific reaction and compounds involved. However, in general, the expected product of a substitution reaction will depend on factors such as the type of substitution reaction (e.g. nucleophilic, electrophilic), the nature of the substituent groups involved, and the reaction conditions. For example, in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, the incoming nucleophile will typically replace a leaving group on the substrate molecule. The regiochemistry and stereochemistry of the product will depend on the location and orientation of the leaving group and the incoming nucleophile, as well as any other factors that may influence the reaction. In summary, the expected product of a forward reaction in a substitution reaction will depend on a variety of factors related to the reaction and the compounds involved.

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SCUBS

Explanation:

Scubs is the form of pop by nayeon and Liz doesn't get line kitch

Based on the solubility rules, the compound D. BaSO4 is insoluble in water.

This is because barium sulfate is one of the exceptions to the general solubility rule for sulfates (SO4^2-). While most sulfates are soluble in water, those containing barium (Ba^2+), along with lead (Pb^2+), and calcium (Ca^2+) are not soluble.

In contrast, the other compounds listed are soluble:
A. Rb2SO4 - Rubidium sulfate is soluble because alkali metal salts (like rubidium) are generally soluble in water.
B. Na2SO4 - Sodium sulfate is soluble for the same reason as rubidium sulfate - sodium is an alkali metal.
C. CuSO4 - Copper sulfate is soluble because most sulfate salts are soluble in water.
E. MgSO4 - Magnesium sulfate is soluble, as it is also a sulfate salt.

In summary, BaSO4 is the only compound among the given choices that is insoluble in water due to the specific solubility rules for sulfate compounds. Therefore the correct option is D

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Answer:

A. Physical B.Chemical C. Physical

Explanation:

Shiny is a physical Mercury is liquid which is physical and sliver added into calcium is a chemical property.

a. CaCO₃ effectively neutralizes excess stomach acid via the reaction: CaCO₃ + 2H⁺ → Ca²⁺ + H₂O + CO₂(g), making it a suitable source for chronic heartburn sufferers.

b. Marble statues erode from acidic precipitation due to a reaction between CaCO₃ and acid: CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ → CaSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂(g).

c. Mg(OH)₂ antacids are preferred over CaCO₃ antacids due to better neutralization of stomach acid and faster relief of heartburn symptoms from higher solubility.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) can neutralize excess stomach acid and thus provide relief from heartburn symptoms. When calcium carbonate reacts with stomach acid (hydrochloric acid, HCl), it forms calcium chloride (CaCl₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water (H₂O). The net ionic equation for the reaction is:

CaCO₃(s) + 2H⁺(aq) → Ca²⁺(aq) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)

The calcium ions can also be absorbed into the bloodstream and contribute to overall calcium intake.

Marble is composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). When exposed to acidic precipitation (such as acid rain), the carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) formed in the reaction between carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) reacts with calcium carbonate, producing calcium ions (Ca²⁺), bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻), and water. The bicarbonate ions are then washed away by the rainwater, leaving behind calcium-deficient marble that is more prone to erosion. The chemical reaction can be represented as, CaCO₃(s) + H₂CO₃(aq) → Ca²⁺(aq) + 2HCO₃⁻(aq)

Many people prefer antacids in which magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) is the active ingredient over those that use calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) because Mg(OH)₂ has a higher solubility and is more readily absorbed by the body, which means it can neutralize stomach acid more effectively. Additionally, Mg(OH)₂ has a mild laxative effect, which can help relieve constipation, a common side effect of taking calcium carbonate antacids.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Use the given solubility to set up a proportion:

61.8 g / 100.0 g water = x g / 142.1 g water

Cross-multiply to solve for x:

x = (61.8 g / 100.0 g water) * 142.1 g water

Simplify and solve:

x = 87.76 g

Round the answer to an appropriate number of significant figures:

The answer should be rounded to three significant figures, since the given solubility has three significant figures. Therefore, the final answer is:

x = 87.8 g

Therefore, 87.8 g of the unknown solute can dissolve in 142.1 g of water at 70 °C.

At 70°C, the solubility of the unknown solute is 61.8 g/100.0 g of water. 87.9 g of the solute can dissolve in 142.1 g of water at 70°C.

(61.8 g solute / 100.0 g water) = (x g solute / 142.1 g water)
To solve for x, cross-multiply:
61.8 * 142.1 = 100 * x
8791.38 = 100x
x = 87.9138
Thus, 87.9 g of the solute can dissolve in 142.1 g of water at 70°C.

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Changes in color, texture, and appearance can also serve as visual evidence of a chemical transformation in addition to the melting range.

In addition to the melting range, other visual evidence that the starting materials have undergone a transformation may include changes in color, texture, or appearance. For example, if the starting materials were colorless liquids and the product is a solid with a distinct color, this could indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred.

Similarly, if the starting materials were clear and the product is cloudy or has a different texture, this could also suggest that a reaction has taken place. Other forms of evidence could include changes in mass, boiling point, or refractive index, among others. Ultimately, a combination of analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy or chromatography, may be required to confirm the identity and purity of the product.

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The mixture is placed in an ice-bath during the addition of the concentrated sulfuric acid for multiple reasons. Firstly, the concentrated sulfuric acid is highly reactive and exothermic.

When added to the mixture, it can cause a sudden rise in temperature, leading to undesired side reactions. Placing the mixture in an ice-bath helps to control the reaction temperature and avoid any unwanted reactions.

Secondly, the ice-bath helps to reduce the sulfonation of the 1,4-dimethoxybenzene. Sulfonation can lead to the formation of undesired products and reduce the yield of the desired product.

Finally, placing the mixture in an ice-bath can also help to reduce the formation of butene, which is an undesired byproduct that can form at higher temperatures. The cooling effect of the ice-bath helps to prevent the formation of butene and favor the formation of the FC alkylation product.

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Full Question ;

Why is the mixture placed in an ice-bath during the addition of the concentrated sulfuric acid? (Check all that apply.) MULTIPLE ANSWER A. To avoid the evaporation of the concentrated sulfuric acid. B. To increase the rate of the reaction. C. To favor the formation of the FC alkylation product. D. To reduce the sulfonation of the 1,4-dimethoxybenzene E. To reduce the formation of butene

The function of a buffer is to maintain the pH of a solution. The correct answer is maintain the pH of a solution.

Buffers are important in many chemical processes and biological systems, as they help maintain a stable pH environment, allowing for the proper functioning of chemical reactions and enzymes.

A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. It does this by absorbing or releasing H+ ions as necessary. The buffering capacity of a solution is determined by the concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base, which together form a buffer system.

Buffers are important in many biological processes because they help to maintain the pH of body fluids and prevent them from becoming too acidic or basic. They are also used in many laboratory experiments and industrial processes where pH control is important.

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The per cent ionization of the solution is 0.017%. The steps involved are;

Write the reaction equation

Setup the ICE table

make the necessary calculation

The equation of the reaction is as follows;

CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH(aq)  ⇄ [tex]H^{aq}[/tex]  + CH₃CH₂CH₂COO[tex]^{-aq}[/tex]

I       0.0075                               0                0.085

C    -x                                        +x             + x

E     0.0075 - x                               x               0.085 + x

The Ka of the acid = 1.5 x 10⁻⁵

Hence;

1.5 x 10⁻⁵ = x(0.085 + x)/0.0075 - x

1.5 x 10⁻⁵ (0.0075 - x ) =  x(0.085 + x)

1.1 x 10⁻⁷ - 1.5 x 10⁻⁵ˣ = 0.085x + x²

x² + 0.085x - 1.1 x 10⁻⁷ = 0

x = 0.0000013 M

Percent ionization=  0.0000013 M/0.0075 × 100/1

= 0.017%

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The equilibrium partial pressure of [tex]$NH_3$[/tex] is 0.0106 atm. [tex]$K_c=\frac{[NH_3]^2}{[N_2][H_2]^3},$[/tex] and [tex]$[NH_3]=1.32\times10^{-4}\frac{mol}{L}.$[/tex]

To decide the harmony halfway strain of [tex]$NH_3$[/tex] in the response vessel, we really want to think about the decent condition for the response:

[tex]$N_2(g) + 3H_2(g)[/tex] rightleftharpoons [tex]2NH_3(g)$[/tex].

At harmony, the paces of the forward and invert responses are equivalent, and the centralizations of the reactants and items never again change. The harmony steady articulation for this response is:

[tex]$K_c = \frac{[NH_3]^2}{[N_2][H_2]^3}$[/tex]

We can utilize the underlying tensions of [tex]$N_2$[/tex] and [tex]$H_2$[/tex] to ascertain their fixations utilizing the best gas regulation:

[tex]$[N_2] = \frac{P_{N_2}}{RT} = \frac{0.900 atm}{0.08206 \frac{L\cdot atm}{mol\cdot K} \times 648 K} = 0.0149 \frac{mol}{L}$[/tex]

[tex]$[H_2] = \frac{P_{H_2}}{RT} = \frac{0.500 atm}{0.08206 \frac{L\cdot atm}{mol\cdot K} \times 648 K} = 0.0083 \frac{mol}{L}$[/tex]

Subbing these fixations and the harmony steady articulation into the articulation for [tex]$K_c$[/tex], we get:

[tex]$K_c = \frac{[NH_3]^2}{[N_2][H_2]^3}$[/tex]

[tex]$K_c = \frac{([NH_3]/0.0149 \frac{mol}{L})^2}{0.0149 \frac{mol}{L} \times (0.0083 \frac{mol}{L})^3}$[/tex]

[tex]$K_c = \frac{[NH_3]^2}{1.05\times10^{-10}}$[/tex]

Addressing for [tex]$[NH_3]$[/tex], we get:

[tex]$[NH_3] = \sqrt{K_c \times [N_2] \times [H_2]^3}$[/tex]

[tex]$[NH_3] = \sqrt{1.05\times10^{-10} \times 0.0149 \frac{mol}{L} \times (0.0083 \frac{mol}{L})^3}$[/tex]

[tex]$[NH_3] = 1.32\times10^{-4} \frac{mol}{L}$[/tex]

At long last, we can switch this fixation over completely to a halfway tension utilizing the best gas regulation:

[tex]$P_{NH_3} = [NH_3] \times \frac{RT}{P}$[/tex]

[tex]$P_{NH_3} = (1.32\times10^{-4} \frac{mol}{L}) \times \frac{0.08206 \frac{L\cdot atm}{mol\cdot K} \times 648 K}{1 atm}$[/tex]

[tex]$P_{NH_3} = 0.0106 atm$[/tex]

Consequently, the harmony halfway tension of [tex]$NH_3$[/tex] in the response vessel is 0.0106 atm.

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Boyle's Law-

[tex]\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\star\:\sf \underline{ P_1 \: V_1=P_2 \: V_2}\\[/tex]

(Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume)

Where-

As per question, we are given that -

Now that we have all the required values and we are asked to find out the final volume, so we can put the values and solve for the final volume -

[tex]\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\star\:\sf \underline{ P_1 \: V_1=P_2 \: V_2}[/tex]

[tex]\:\:\:\: \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf 11.5 \times 36= 9.3\times V_2\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 = \dfrac{11.5 \times 36 }{9.3}\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 = \cancel{\dfrac{ 414}{9.3}}\\[/tex]

[tex]\:\:\:\: \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 =44.5161.....\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf \underline{V_2 = 44.52 \:L }\\[/tex]

Therefore, the volume of the ammonia will become 44.52 L if its pressure is changed to 9.3 kPa while its temperature remains constant.

It will take approximately 9340 seconds or 2.59 hours to deposit 66.5 g of Zn on the steel gate when 21.0 A of current is passed through the ZnSO₄ solution.

To calculate the time required to deposit 66.5 g of Zn on a steel gate, we can use Faraday's laws of electrolysis, which states that the amount of substance produced (in moles) at an electrode is directly proportional to the amount of electric charge passed through the electrode.

The formula for calculating the amount of substance produced is;

n = Q / (zF)

where; n will be the amount of substance produced (in moles)

Q is the electric charge passed through the electrode (in coulombs)

z is the number of electrons transferred per molecule of Zn (2 for Zn)

F is Faraday's constant (96485 C/mol)

We can first calculate the number of moles of Zn that are deposited on the gate using the given mass and molar mass of Zn

n(Zn) = m(Zn) / M(Zn)

n(Zn) = 66.5 g / 65.38 g/mol

n(Zn) = 1.018 mol

Next, we can calculate the electric charge required to deposit this amount of Zn using the formula;

Q = n × z × F

Q = 1.018 mol × 2 × 96485 C/mol

Q = 196293 C

Finally, we can use the formula for electric current (I = Q / t) to calculate the time required (t) to pass an electric charge of 196293 C through the solution at a current of 21.0 A;

t = Q / I

t = 196293 C / 21.0 A

t = 9340 s or 2.59 hours

Therefore, it will take 9340 seconds.

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The white solid could be silver chloride (AgCl) which is insoluble in water, insoluble in excess ammonia solution and soluble in dilute HCl.

AgCl is insoluble in water, and when it reacts with excess ammonia solution, it forms a complex with the formula [Ag(NH₃)²⁺]. Therefore, AgCl is insoluble in excess ammonia solution. When AgCl is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl), it dissolves to form a solution containing silver ions (Ag⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻). AgCl is a white crystalline solid with a high melting point (455°C) and boiling point (1,155°C). It is sparingly soluble in water, and its solubility decreases as the temperature decreases. AgCl is also insoluble in organic solvents.

AgCl is used in various applications, such as in the production of silver electrodes, in electroplating, and as a reagent in chemical analysis. AgCl is considered to be relatively non-toxic, but it can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in large quantities. It is also considered an environmental hazard and should be handled and disposed of with care.

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Butanoic acid has an adjacent carboxyl group that withdraws electron density, making it more readily protonated than butanone.

Both butanoic corrosive and butanone contain a carbonyl gathering, which is an electron-insufficient carbon particle twofold clung to an oxygen molecule. This makes the carbonyl carbon more helpless to nucleophilic assault, including protonation by a solid corrosive.

Nonetheless, butanoic corrosive is more promptly protonated than butanone because of the presence of the neighboring carboxyl gathering. The electronegative oxygen molecule in the carboxyl gathering pulls out electron thickness from the carbonyl oxygen, making it more electron-lacking and subsequently more defenseless to protonation by a solid corrosive. Conversely, butanone misses the mark on extra electron-pulling out bunch, so its carbonyl oxygen is less electron-insufficient and less inclined to be protonated by a solid corrosive.

Generally speaking, the presence of contiguous electron-pulling out gatherings can build the reactivity of carbonyl mixtures towards protonation.

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