An incident that disrupted conditioning is called instinctual drift.
Why does irrational behaviour drift?Some trained animals have the propensity to revert to their natural habits, which is known as instinctive drift. In other words, rather than acting in line with the operant contingencies of their training, they will react as expected by evolution. These actions are rarely necessary and rarely helpful.When an organism tends to fall back on unconscious, automatic behaviour that can conflict with newly learned operant conditioning behaviours, this is known as instinctive drift. The mechanisms of memory and learning combine to influence behaviour.When an animal has strong instinctual behaviours in its conditioned response, it wanders away from the conditioned behaviour and towards the instinctive behaviour, which is known as instinctive drift.To learn more about instinctive drift, refer to:
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The occurrence that interferes with conditioning is called extinction. Extinction is the occurrence that interfered with conditioning when animal trainers trained pigs to put coins in a piggy bank for a food reward. The animal learned the response, but instead of depositing the coins immediately in the bank, the pigs began to toss them in the air, drop them, push them on the ground, and so on.
Extinction is the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results from a lack of reinforcement. A typical example would be if a dog were to sit on command and be given a treat, but if the dog stopped receiving the treat, the dog would no longer sit on command. Extinction also applies to operant conditioning in the same way as classical conditioning. The extinction of a conditioned response (CR) happens when a conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer results in the expected outcome (an unconditioned stimulus or US). As a result, the CR reduces in frequency until it ultimately disappears. This lack of reinforcement is what distinguishes extinction from forgetting, which occurs when the CR is not used regularly.
What occurred that interfered with conditioning is that the pigs developed a different response to the stimulus, which involved playing with the coins instead of depositing them into the piggy bank. Animal trainers would need to modify their training approach to reinforce the desired behavior more effectively.
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bureaucratic authoritarianism typically relies on the close cooperation of which groups? a. the state bureaucracy and organized labor b. the state bureaucracy and the legislature c. the military and the state bureaucracy d. the military and organized labor
Bureaucratic authoritarianism is a form of government that relies on close cooperation between the military and the state bureaucracy. This type of regime is characterized by a strong, centralized state led by a coalition of military officers and technocrats.
In bureaucratic authoritarianism, the military plays a significant role in decision-making and policy implementation, often working in tandem with the state bureaucracy.
This type of regime tends to be marked by limited civil liberties and political freedoms, with a top-down approach to governance. Overall, bureaucratic authoritarianism is a system of government that prioritizes stability and control over individual liberties and democratic processes.
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most experts agree with the notion that leaders are born, not made, and that they are naturally good communicators. true false
The given statement "Most experts agree with the notion that leaders are born, not made, and that they are naturally good communicators" is false because the prevailing view in the field of leadership and communication is that these skills can be developed and improved through training and experience.
While some people may have innate leadership qualities and communication skills, most experts agree that leadership and communication can be learned and developed through practice, training, and experience.
Effective leaders continually work to improve their communication skills and learn from their experiences. Additionally, there are many different styles of leadership and communication, and what works well for one person may not work well for another.
Therefore, it is important to recognize that leadership and communication are not solely determined by innate traits, but also by learned behaviors and experiences.
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psychotherapy includes all of the following except question 2 options: a) the use of different psychological concepts and methods with different clients. b) the use of medical and other somatic approaches. c) verbal interactions between therapists and clients. d) the use of learning principles to directly alter troublesome behaviors.
Psychotherapy includes all of the following except the use of medical and other somatic approaches. In this case option B is correct
In order to address emotional and behavioral issues as well as other mental health issues, psychotherapy entails talking with a qualified mental health professional.
Psychotherapy aims to assist patients in understanding their behaviors, gaining insight into their thoughts and feelings, and learning coping mechanisms to better control their symptoms. Regular therapy sessions with a therapist are typically required. Depending on the client's unique needs and objectives, the therapist may employ a variety of techniques and approaches.
In this case option B is correct
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which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation? select one: a. getting a raise at work b. perfecting a new skill c. the satisfaction of finishing a challenging project d. none of the above
Getting a raise at work is an example of extrinsic motivation. The correct option is a.
Extrinsic motivation is a type of drive that is fueled by rewards from outside sources. These can be material, like cash or grades, or immaterial, like acclaim or fame. Extrinsic motivation is solely focused on external rewards, in contrast to intrinsic motivation, which comes from within the person. Operant conditioning, in which a person or thing is trained to behave a certain way in exchange for a reward or punishment, involves extrinsic motivation.
In order to keep people motivated and focused on their goals, external rewards can be a useful and effective tool. This can be especially crucial when people have to finish a task that they find challenging or boring, like a tedious project for work or a tedious homework assignment. The correct option is a.
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sonia has a type a personality style, while liz has a type b personality style. they are both running for class president. how would you expect their campaigns to differ?
A Type A personality is typically characterized by traits such as competitiveness, goal-orientation, high levels of energy, and a tendency to be organized and focused. In contrast, a Type B personality is characterized by traits such as being more relaxed, laid back, and having a lower sense of urgency and competition.
Based on these personality differences, one might anticipate Sonia's campaign to be more competitive and goal-oriented, with a concentration on achieving specific goals and emphasizing her qualifications for the position.
She is more likely to emphasize her achievements and make specific promises about what she will accomplish if elected.
Liz's campaign, on the other hand, may be more relaxed and centered on connecting with and building relationships with other students.
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critically reviewing and judging what you hear takes place when communication. question 1 options: a) hearing b) paraphrasing c) comprehending d) evaluating e) interpreting
Critically reviewing and judging what you hear takes place when evaluating communication. The right answer is d.
Examining and judging what we hear critically is the process of evaluating. The evaluation of the message's worth is the fourth step in the listening process. Even the most receptive listeners will form views about a speaker, and these opinions will affect how the message is assessed.
Interpreting what is said but also analysing, judging, and creating an opinion based on what you hear is the process of critical listening. The listener evaluates the content's advantages and disadvantages, decides whether they concur with the data, then analyses and synthesises the information.
The correct answer is option d.
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establishing benchmarks for cardiac surgery at minority serving versus non-minority serving hospitals in the united states: are we bridging the racial disparity gap?
This study aims to determine whether there is a difference in the quality of cardiac surgery between minority-serving hospitals and non-minority-serving hospitals and if progress is being made to reduce racial disparities in healthcare.
This research aims to resolve ethnic inequalities in healthcare by comparing the standard of heart surgery at minority-serving hospitals in the United States to non-minority-serving hospitals. The researchers will set heart surgery standards based on results such as death rates, duration of hospital stay, and complication rates.
The research seeks to determine whether progress is being made to decrease the racial inequality gap in healthcare by analysing these results at minority-serving hospitals and non-minority-serving hospitals. The results of this research could have significant consequences for improving minority groups' access to and outcomes from healthcare.
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which of the following best describes hidden agendas, while working in a group setting? group of answer choices a. individual members' secret agendas that are indirectly in-line with a group objectives b. discreet agendas, whose fulfillment lead to accomplishment of the group objectives c. norms that a group member discreetly conforms to but opposes it publicly d. individual members' secret wishes, hopes, desires, and assumptions that are hidden from their group
In the given options, we find that individual members' secret wishes, hopes, desires, and assumptions that are hidden from their group best describe hidden agendas. Hence, option D is the correct answer.
Hidden agendas are ulterior motives that are kept secret and not indulged in with other people. These can be purely selfish and for a specific personal gain. These are terms connected to behavioral patterns in people.
In the given problem, we notice that in options 1 to 3, we talk about secrets and agendas that are private and for gain as well but the gain is not selfish in nature. It aligns with the group's benefit. It's only in the fourth option that we see the secret agenda aligning with selfish individual gains. Hence, option D is the correct option.
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Many workers during the 1930s went on ____________ to protest unsafe working conditions .
Answer:
Many workers during the 1930s went on strike to protest unsafe working conditions .
carmela recently had a party to celebrate her 35th birthday, where she got into a heated discussion with a friend over a particular moral dilemma. which stage of reasoning did carmela most likely use to argue her point?
The stages of reasoning that Carmela may have used to argue her point during the discussion with her friend about a particular moral dilemma are preconventional reasoning, conventional reasoning, and postconventional reasoning.
Preconventional reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, in which individuals are mainly focused on their own needs and desires, while conventional reasoning is the middle level of moral reasoning, in which individuals begin to consider social norms and expectations when making moral judgments. Finally, postconventional reasoning is the highest level of moral reasoning, in which individuals prioritize universal ethical principles over social norms and expectations. Based on the information provided in the question, it is difficult to determine which stage of reasoning Carmela most likely used to argue her point. However, it is possible that she used conventional reasoning, as she may have considered the social norms and expectations of her friend when making her moral judgment.
In summary, it is important to remember that different individuals may use different stages of reasoning when making moral judgments, and these stages may vary depending on the situation and context.
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cmn 101 juan is a politically liberal supporter of gun control who lives in a large city on the west coast. he has a preconception that people from rural areas are ignorant and racially biased. his class is going to have a conservative speaker from alabama to discuss why he supports private ownership of guns and opposes removing confederate monuments from public places. given the wide disparity in political views between juan and the speaker, what is the ethical thing for juan to do?
The ethical thing for Juan to do in this situation is to approach the speaker's perspective with an open mind and a willingness to engage in respectful dialogue.
Juan should attempt to put aside his prejudices against rural people and attend to the speaker's arguments and reasoning for supporting private gun ownership and opposing the removal of Confederate monuments.
He should ask questions to better understand the speaker's point of view and engage in constructive discourse that focuses on the issues at hand rather than personal attacks or stereotypes.
Juan can learn more about the speaker's point of view and show his own commitment to respectful discourse and the exchange of diverse ideas by approaching the conversation in a respectful and open-minded way.
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environmental stressors of which people are often unaware are called select one: a. family stressors. b. contextual stressors. c. background distressors. d. blind stressors.
Environmental stressors of which people are often unaware are called contextual stressors. Therefore the correct option is option B.
External factors or circumstances in an individual's environment that can create stress are referred to the as contextual stressors. These stressors can be physical, social, or psychological variables that are beyond a person's influence.
Financial problems, employment loss, relationship difficulties, discrimination, violence, natural catastrophes, and other life-changing events are examples of contextual stressors.
Contextual stressors are frequently regarded as significant sources of stress due to their pervasive effect on an individual's life and well-being. Therefore the correct option is option B.
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officers who participate in widespread corruption including drug smuggling and money laundering are called:
Officers who participate in widespread corruption including drug smuggling and money laundering are often referred to as "dirty cops".
This term is used to describe law enforcement officials who engage in illegal activities while on the job, such as accepting bribes or using their position of authority to facilitate criminal enterprises. Dirty cops may work in a variety of roles within law enforcement, including patrol officers, detectives, or members of specialized units such as drug task forces. This type of corruption is particularly dangerous, as it undermines the integrity of the entire criminal justice system and erodes public trust in law enforcement.
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why do people become violent according to the social learning theory? a) they model their behavior after others and have that behavior reinforced b) they are born with a predisposition towards violence due to their genetics c) they suffer damage to their egos and superegos at an early age d) they experience negative effect states due to exposure to strain
According to the social learning theory, people become violent because "they model their behavior after others and have that behavior reinforced." Option A is correct.
The social learning theory suggests that individuals learn violent behavior through observation, imitation, and reinforcement of such behavior from the people around them, particularly family, peers, and media. Reinforcement can take the form of direct rewards or punishment, or even vicarious reinforcement, where the observer sees someone else receive rewards for violent behavior.
Over time, this can lead to the development of aggressive and violent tendencies, particularly in individuals who lack effective coping mechanisms for stress and frustration. However, this theory also acknowledges that genetic, environmental, and personal factors can influence an individual's susceptibility to violent behavior, and that social learning is only one contributing factor.
Option A holds true.
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What are entrepreneurs giving up when they start their own businesses?
 Goods and services
 Regular paycheck
 Working long hours
 Vacation in Europe
Answer:
Entrepreneurs give up a lot when they start their own businesses. They give up the security of a regular paycheck and the benefits that come with it. They also give up the stability of working for someone else and the ability to leave work at work. Instead, they work long hours and often have to sacrifice their personal lives in order to make their businesses successful.
Answer:goods and services
Explanation:because a proper business in a primary stage should provide more better goods and service for the stability in the future and earns a goodwill and for the proper running of the business so the entrepreneurs should give up for that one properly in primary stage
eduardo's football team is playing the leading team in their division. they have to win this game to qualify for the regional championship. eduardo is stressed because of the extreme importance of this game. this kind of stress is select one: a. chronic stress. b. distress. c. eustress. d. acute stress.
Eduardo's football team is playing the number one team in their division. Eduardo is stressed because of the extreme importance of this game. This kind of stress is d. acute stress
People experience tension when they are under duress. It typically happens when they encounter a circumstance that they don't think they can handle or control. In the given case, Eduardo is facing acute stress. Acute stress is a type of anxiety that is typically momentary and is triggered by a specific event or situation, like a crucial interview, exam, or athletic event.
In the given case, a critical football contest is making Eduardo extremely stressed out, which is a typical reaction to a high-stress scenario. This particular kind of stress can have an impact on a person's bodily processes, such as pulse rate and blood pressure, as well as their mental processes, like nervousness, anxiousness and concern. When a stressful circumstance is over, tension typically dissipates and the body returns to normal.
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a person who is passionate about a number of different things and who takes time to enjoy nature and beauty is demonstrating health. a. intellectual b. environmental c. social d. spiritual
A person who is passionate about a number of different things and who takes time to enjoy nature and beauty is demonstrating spiritual health. The correct answer is B.
Spiritual health is a state of being in which a person is in harmony with their inner self, others, and the environment. It is demonstrated by a deep sense of purpose and meaning in life, as well as a strong connection to something larger than oneself.
People who are spiritually healthy tend to have a positive outlook on life and are often more resilient to stress and adversity than those who are not. They also tend to be more compassionate and empathetic towards others, and may be more inclined to engage in acts of kindness and charity.
Spiritual health does not necessarily require a belief in a higher power or religious affiliation, although for some people these may be important components of their spiritual well-being.
Rather, it is a broader concept that encompasses a wide range of personal values, beliefs, and practices that help to cultivate a sense of meaning and purpose in life.
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COMPLETE QUESTION
A person who is passionate about a number of different things and who takes time to enjoy nature and beauty is demonstrating __________health.
A. mental
B. spiritual
C. emotional
D. social
why is feedback critical to communication? question 23 options: the source can learn how the receiver understands the message. the receiver can learn how to avoid future messages. the source learns how to avoid messages from the receiver. the source and the receiver learn what types of noise to include in a message.
The feedback is critical to communication, because of option A: the source can learn how the receiver understands the message.
Feedback is crucial in communication because it allows the sender to assess how well received their message was. The communication process would be lacking without feedback. The fundamental elements of a communication are the sender, the recipient, and the message.
Feedback refers to useful information or constructive criticism regarding a company's or a member of the company's staff's action or behavior. Effective feedback is an invaluable asset to manage in any industry.
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Complete question:
why is feedback critical to communication? options:
the source can learn how the receiver understands the message.
the receiver can learn how to avoid future messages.
the source learns how to avoid messages from the receiver.
the source and the receiver learn what types of noise to include in a message.
which factor has been the most important regarding the increased sexual behavior of adolescent girls since the 1940s?
The most significant factor in the rise in adolescent girls' sexual behavior since the 1940s is the increased availability of contraceptives.
Teenagers investigate their sexuality. This investigation is typical and does not have any negative outcomes in most cases. However, compulsive sexual behavior can emerge and persist at times. If it is not treated, it will have an impact on adult functioning and relationships.
Psychological factors like environmental stimuli and fantasies, biological factors like sexual maturity, and social-cultural factors like the values and expectations absorbed from family and the culture around them are examples of influences.
Develop pubic, underarm, and leg hair that will continue to get thicker and darker throughout puberty. You may need to start using deodorant or antiperspirant as you begin to sweat more.
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Use the drop-down menus to identify the parts of the diagram labeled A, B, and C.
Label A:
✔ incident ray
Label B:
✔ normal
Label C:
✔ angle of incidence
Answer:
Label A: Angle of incidence
Label B: Normal
Label C: Incident ray
hich of the following statements is true of vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory? question 19 options: children are expert thinkers who do not depend on the world. for vygotsky, a child is simply learning to think about the world and not about his or her own world in particular. vygotsky's approach to cognitive development is similar to that of piaget's theory. children enter a level of cognitive sophistication by learning important aspects of their culture.
The true statement of Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory is that children enter a level of cognitive sophistication by learning important aspects of their culture.
According to Vygotsky, social interactions and cultural circumstances have a big impact on how people develop their cognitive abilities. His idea holds that children learn via interactions with adults who have greater experience and through access to cultural resources like language, writing, and technology. As a result, rather than being purely influenced by individual cognitive processes, cognitive growth is now seen to be a byproduct of social interactions and cultural experiences. In contrast, Piaget's approach places more emphasis on the contribution of specific cognitive processes to the evolution of cognition.
Vygotsky argued that social and cultural elements had an impact on cognitive development and that children learn via interactions with others who have more information than they do, such as parents, teachers, and peers. He maintained that children absorb significant facets of their culture, such as language, symbols, and cultural customs, which help them reach a degree of cognitive complexity.
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the claim that u.s. culture is wrongly dominated by a european, and especially english, way of life characterizes our culture as
The claim that U.S. culture is wrongly dominated by a European, and especially English, way of life characterizes our culture as Eurocentric.
Eurocentrism (also known as Eurocentrism or Westernism) is a worldview centered on Western civilization, or a biased view that favors Western civilization over Western civilization. The precise scope of Eurocentrism extends from the whole of the Western world to continental Europe, and even to a narrower Western Europe (especially during the Cold War). When the word is applied historically, it can be used to refer to an apologetic attitude towards European colonialism and other forms of imperialism.
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dr. roussel, a scientist, conducts research to determine whether an after-school program improves school performance in fifth-grade children. dr. roussel is most likely engaged in
Dr. Roussel is most likely engaged in program evaluation as he conducts research to determine if an after-school program improves school performance.
Program evaluation is a systematic approach to information gathering, analysis, and use to address issues with projects, policies, and programmes, particularly with regards to their efficacy and efficiency. Some factors that are important include, the cost of the programme per participant, ways in which it could be improved , whether the programme is worth the effort.
They also see if there are better options available, whether there are unintended consequences, and whether the programme goals are suitable and helpful. The ideal way to respond to these questions is for the assessment to be a joint initiative between the stakeholders and the evaluators. Evaluators assist in providing answers to these questions.
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1. what cognitive skills do better athletes use in reading the situation? a. perception, analysis, and execution b. attention, recognition, and execution c. perception, attention, and concentration d. analysis, execution, and concentration e. none of these
The correct option is D, analysis, execution, and concentration cognitive skills do better athletes use in reading the situation.
Cognitive skills refer to the mental abilities required to learn, process, and retain information. They include a range of skills, such as perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, and reasoning. Cognitive skills are essential for successful learning, decision-making, and problem-solving in daily life.
Perception is the ability to recognize and interpret sensory information from the environment, such as sound, sight, and touch. Attention involves the ability to focus and sustain attention on a task or information. Memory refers to the capacity to retain and recall information. Problem-solving is the ability to identify, analyze, and solve problems effectively. Reasoning involves the ability to use logic and critical thinking to make informed decisions. Cognitive skills can be improved and developed through various activities, such as puzzles, reading, and games.
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Complete Question:-
What cognitive skills do better athletes use in reading the situation?
a. perception, analysis and execution
b. attention, recognition, and execution
c. perception, attention, and concentration
d. analysis, execution, and concentration
e. none of these
a system that provides a mechanism to ensure that decisions regarding the educational program for a student with a disability is fair and just to families, students and school districts is known as
A system that provides a mechanism to ensure that decisions regarding the educational program for a student with a disability is fair and just to families, students and school districts is known as a due process system.
A due process system is a legal system that ensures individuals are treated fairly and justly by the government or other authority, especially when it comes to the legal rights and protections promised to them.
Individuals are entitled to notice and a fair hearing in a due process system before any action is done against them that could deprive them of life, liberty, or property.
This includes the right to counsel, the ability to submit evidence, and the ability to confront and cross-examine witnesses.
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according to the model of temperament, the child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable.?
According to the model of temperament, the child easy temperament is predictable in daily functions, happy most of the time, and adaptable.
"Easy" temperament is one of the three basic temperament types identified in this model, the other two being "difficult" and "slow-to-warm-up."
Children with an easy temperament are generally regular in their biological rhythms, adaptable to new experiences, and display a positive mood overall.
They tend to establish regular sleeping, feeding, and elimination schedules early on and have a generally positive attitude towards new people and experiences.
According to the temperament model, a child with an easy temperament is adaptable, happy most of the time, and predictable in everyday activities.
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emma commutes more than an hour each way to work, five or six days per week. the commute is very stressful. she has tried many different routes to work, altered her work schedule, and even considered moving. emma's coping strategy can be best described as:
Emma's coping strategy can be best described as adaptive coping.
Coping can be defined as a process in which an individual adjusts to or deals with stressful situations. It is essential to develop psychological or social resilience to these kinds of situations. Coping strategies can either be adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive coping strategies help individuals handle stress and situations successfully. On the other hand, maladaptive coping strategies are counterproductive and don't help in the long run.
Coping strategies involve a wide range of adaptive and maladaptive techniques, including problem-solving, acceptance, and positive or negative psychological mechanisms. Emma's coping strategy can best be described as adaptive coping.
Emma commutes more than an hour each way to work, five or six days per week. Her commute is very stressful. She has tried many different routes to work, altered her work schedule, and even considered moving. Emma has used many adaptive coping mechanisms, such as attempting to make changes to her circumstances and focusing on problem-solving. She's tried several ways to manage her stress, but it hasn't always been easy.
Emma's strategies involve working through the stressors by either attempting to alter the situation or adapting to it. This approach has led to a better understanding of the problem, leading to successful coping mechanisms. Therefore, Emma's coping strategy can be best described as adaptive coping.
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after she received a free hand-painted holiday ornament from a religious organization, mrs. motevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. her response to the free gift illustrates the impact of
The reciprocity norm, which is the social expectation that when someone does something nice for us, we should do something nice in return.
Mrs. Motevecchi felt obligated to reciprocate the kind gesture of the religious organization by sending a cash donation.
According to the social rule of reciprocity, whenever someone does something for us, we are expected to repay the favour.
In this instance, Mrs. Motevecchi received a complimentary holiday ornament from the religious organization, and as a result, she felt compelled to give the group money.
The social norm of reciprocity has the potential to be a strong factor that shapes how we behave in a variety of circumstances.
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you share a house with two other people. you are a concert pianist and often practice at home. one roommate enjoys listening to you practice, but the other does not. for the roommate who enjoys listening to you play, this is an example of
For the roommate who enjoys listening to the concert pianist play, this is an example of a positive externality, where they experience a benefit from an activity they did not directly pay for.
This is an example of a good externality for the flatmate who likes hearing the performance pianist play. Positive externalities arise when an action helps people who do not directly pay for it. In this instance, the flatmate who likes hearing the pianist practice receives a benefit because they did not have to pay to hear it.
Positive externalities can cause market errors because the activity's advantages are not completely represented in its price. In this case, the pianist could reach an agreement or find alternative practice plans to alleviate the bad externality felt by the other flatmate.
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People who do vote but do not cast votes for every candidate on the ballot
The people who vote but do not cast votes for every candidate on the ballot are commonly referred to as "undervoters" or "partial voters" in an election.
Who are the undervoters and what caused it?Undervoting can occur for various reasons, such as a lack of knowledge or interest in certain races or candidates, disagreement with all options available, or intentional strategic voting. In some cases, voters may also skip certain races because they are not required to vote for every position on the ballot and feel that it is unnecessary or they do not want to cast a vote based on insufficient information.
Partial voting can affect election outcomes and political representation, as candidates may receive fewer votes or be elected by a smaller margin if significant numbers of voters choose not to participate in certain races.
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